Column still

Batch column (plated / reflux) still on the same vapour-liquid equilibrium engine. Each theoretical plate re-equilibrates the vapour, so strength climbs toward — and is capped by — the 95.6% azeotrope. Watch the pot and column-top temperatures separate as plates are added: that separation is the column working.

Charge

A low-wines or wash charge is typical for column runs; use your actual charge.

Column

Real plates are less than 100% efficient — bubble-cap and perforated plates on ethanol-water typically run ~50-70%, so 10 physical plates ≈ 5-7 theoretical. Calibrate against the plates table below: match your column's actual take-off ABV to a theoretical-plate count and use that number.

Cuts

Neutral runs usually stop on falling take-off ABV rather than pot temperature.

Power & cost

Reflux costs energy: everything the column sends back down was vaporised on your element. The model's energy is a lower bound at high reflux — calibrate loss % from logged runs.

Plates → take-off strength (this charge)

First-vapour figures at the start of the run. Use this to convert your column's observed take-off ABV into theoretical plates.

Take-off strength through the run

Instantaneous ABV % Cumulative ABV %

Pot & column-top temperature

Pot °C Column top °C

Energy & cost

Assumptions, and what a full column tracker adds